University of Waterloo

The research reported here has been made possible through the continuing grant support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada.

2010-present

Forrin, N. D., Ozubko, J. D., & MacLeod, C. M. (in press). Widening the boundaries of the production effect. Memory & Cognition.

Lin, O. Y. H., & MacLeod, C. M. (in press). Aging and the production effect: A test of the distinctiveness account. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology.

MacLeod, C. M., Pottruff, M. M., Forrin, N. D., & Masson, M. E. J. (in press). The next generation: The value of reminding. Memory & Cognition.

Jonker, T. R., & MacLeod, C. M. (in press). Retrieval-induced forgetting: Testing the competition assumption of inhibition theory. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology.

Ozubko, J. D., Gopie, N., & MacLeod, C. M. (2012). Production benefits both recollection and familiarity. Memory & Cognition, 40, 326-338. [PDF file, 324 KB]

Aramakis, V. B., Khamba, B. K., MacLeod, C. M., Poulos, C. X., & Zack, M. (2012).  Alcohol selectively impairs negative self-relevant associations in young drinkers.  Journal of Psychopharmacology, 26, 221-231. [PDF file, 346 KB]

Danckert, S. L., MacLeod, C. M., & Fernandes, M. A. (2011). Source-constrained retrieval influences the encoding of new information. Memory & Cognition, 39, 1374-1386. [PDF file, 474 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (2011). I said, you said: The production effect gets personal. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 1197-1202. [PDF file, 125 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (2011). Hypnosis and the control of attention: Where to from here? Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 321-324. [PDF file, 133 KB]

Wilson, D. E., Muroi, M., & MacLeod, C. M. (2011). Dilution, not load, affects distractor processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37, 319-335. [PDF file, 147 KB]

Roefs, A., Huijding, J., Smulders, F. T. Y., MacLeod, C. M., de Jong, P. J., Wiers, R. W., & Jansen, A. T. M. (2011). Implicit measures of association in psychopathology research. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 149-193. [PDF file, 268 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (2010). When learning met memory. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 227-240. [PDF file, 1893 KB]

Ozubko, J. D., & MacLeod, C. M. (2010). The production effect in memory: Evidence that distinctiveness underlies the benefit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 1543-1547. [PDF file, 58 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., Gopie, N., Hourihan, K. L., Neary, K. R., & Ozubko, J. D. (2010). The production effect: Delineation of a phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 671-685. [PDF file, 253 KB]

2000-2009

Gopie, N., & MacLeod, C. M. (2009). Destination memory: Stop me if I've told you this before. Psychological Science, 20, 1492-1499. [PDF file, 170 KB]

Hourihan, K. L., Ozubko, J. D., & MacLeod, C. M. (2009). Directed forgetting of visual symbols: Evidence for nonverbal selective rehearsal. Memory & Cognition, 37, 1059-1068. [PDF file, 221 KB]

Hourihan, K. L., & MacLeod, C. M. (2008).  Directed forgetting meets the production effect: Distinctive processing is resistant to intentional forgetting.  Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 242-246. [PDF file, 56 KB]

Wilson, D. E., MacLeod, C. M., & Muroi, M. (2008). Practice in visual search produces decreased capacity demands but increased distraction.  Perception & Psychophysics, 70, 1130-1137. [PDF file, 570 KB]

Tomaszczyk, J. C., Fernandes, M. A., & MacLeod, C. M. (2008). Personal relevance modulates the positivity bias in recall of emotional pictures in older adults. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 191-196. [PDF file, 551 KB]

Hourihan, K. L., & MacLeod, C. M. (2007). Capturing conceptual implicit memory: The time it takes to produce an association. Memory & Cognition, 35, 1187-1196. [PDF file, 136 KB]

Zack, M., Poulos, C. X., Aramakis, V. B., Khamba, B. K., & MacLeod, C. M. (2007). Effects of drink-stress sequence and gender on alcohol stress response dampening in high and low anxiety sensitivity drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 411-422. [PDF file, 213 KB]

Hauer, B. J. A., & MacLeod, C. M. (2006). Endogenous versus exogenous cuing effects on memory. Acta Psychologica, 122, 305-320. [PDF file, 246 KB]

Dodd, M. D., Sheard, E. D., & MacLeod, C. M. (2006). Re-exposure to studied items at test does not influence false recognition. Memory, 14,115-126. [PDF file, 113 KB]

Zack, M., Poulos, C.X., Fragopoulos, F., Woodford, T. M., & MacLeod, C. M. (2006). Negative affect words prime beer consumption in young drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 169-173. [PDF file, 80 KB]

Roefs, A., Herman, C. P., MacLeod, C. M., Smulders, F., & Jansen, A. (2005). At first sight: How do restrained eaters evaluate high-fat palatable foods? Appetite, 44, 103-114. [PDF file, 195 KB]

Dodd, M. D., & MacLeod, C. M. (2004). False recognition without intentional learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 137-142. [PDF file, 148 KB]

Muroi, M., & MacLeod, C. M. (2004). Integration versus separation in Stroop-like counting interference tasks. Japanese Psychological Research, 46, 56-64. [PDF file, 172 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & Sheehan, P. W. (2003). Hypnotic control of attention in the Stroop task: A historical footnote. Consciousness & Cognition, 12, 347-353. [PDF file, 95 KB]

Zack, M., Poulos, C.X., Fragopoulos, F., & MacLeod, C. M. (2003). Effects of negative and positive mood phrases on priming of alcohol words in young drinkers with high and low anxiety sensitivity. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 176-185. [PDF file, 103 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., Chiappe, D. L., & Fox, E. (2002). The crucial roles of stimulus matching and stimulus identity in negative priming. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 521-528. [PDF file, 182 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & Bors, D. A. (2002). Presenting two color words on a single Stroop trial: Evidence for joint influence, not capture. Memory & Cognition, 30, 789-797. [PDF file, 176 KB]

Masson, M. E. J., & MacLeod, C. M. (2002). Covert operations: Orthographic recoding as a basis for repetition priming in word identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 858-871. [PDF file, 187 KB]

Zack, M., Toneatto, T., & MacLeod, C. M. (2002). Anxiety and explicit alcohol-related memory in problem drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 331-343. [PDF file, 96 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & Masson, M. E. J. (2000). Repetition priming in speeded word reading: Contributions of perceptual and conceptual processing episodes. Journal of Memory and Language, 42, 208-228. [PDF file, 103 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & Daniels, K. A. (2000). Direct vs. indirect tests of memory: Directed forgetting meets the generation effect. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 354-359. [PDF file, 634 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & MacDonald, P. A. (2000). Inter-dimensional interference in the Stroop effect: Uncovering the cognitive and neural anatomy of attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 383-391. [PDF file, 320 KB]

Masson, M. E. J., & MacLeod, C. M. (2000). Taking the "text" out of context effects in repetition priming of word identification. Memory & Cognition, 28, 1090-1097. [PDF file, 806 KB]

1990-1999

Zack, M., Toneatto, T., & MacLeod, C. M. (1999). Clinical use of benzodiazepines and decreased memory activation in anxious problem drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 174-182. [PDF file, 1857 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1999). The item and list methods of directed forgetting: Test differences and the role of demand characteristics. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 123-129. [PDF file, 643 KB]

Zack, M., Toneatto, T., & MacLeod, C. M. (1999). Implicit activation of alcohol concepts by negative affective cues distinguishes between problem drinkers with high and low psychiatric distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 518-531. [PDF file, 1490 KB]

MacDonald, P. A., Antony, M. M., MacLeod, C. M., & Swinson, R. P. (1999). Negative priming for obsessive-compulsive checkers and non-checkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 679-686. [PDF file, 1654 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1998). Training on integrated versus separated Stroop tasks: The progression of interference and facilitation. Memory & Cognition, 26, 201-211. [PDF file, 1064 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & Hodder, S. L. (1998). Presenting two color words on a single trial does not alter Stroop interference. Memory & Cognition, 26, 212-219. [PDF file, 639 KB]

MacDonald, P. A., & MacLeod, C. M. (1998). The influence of attention at encoding on direct and indirect remembering. Acta Psychologica, 98, 291-310. [PDF file, 1256 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & Masson, M. E. J. (1997). Enhancement patterns are different in masked word identification and word fragment completion. Journal of Memory and Language, 36, 461-483. [PDF file, 148 KB]

MacDonald, P. A., Antony, M. M., MacLeod, C. M., & Richter, M. A. (1997). Memory and confidence in memory judgments among individuals with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and non-clinical controls. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 35, 497-505. [PDF file, 704 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & Kampe, K. (1996). Word frequency effects on recall, recognition, and word fragment completion tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 132-142. [PDF file, 1530 KB]

Masson, M. E. J., & MacLeod, C. M. (1996). Contributions of processing fluency to repetition effects in masked word identification. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50, 9-21. [PDF file, 1332 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1996). How priming affects two speeded implicit tests of remembering: Naming colors versus reading words. Consciousness & Cognition, 5, 73-90. [PDF file, 82 KB]

Szymanski, K. F., & MacLeod, C. M. (1996). Manipulation of attention at study affects an explicit but not an implicit test of memory. Consciousness & Cognition, 5, 165-175. [PDF file, 59 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & Masson, M. E. J. (1996). Implicit remembering: The fluency of reprocessing. The Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan, 35, 166-171. [PDF file, 402 KB]

Chiappe, D. L., & MacLeod, C. M. (1995). Negative priming is not task bound: A consistent pattern across naming and categorization tasks. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 364-369. [PDF file, 634 KB]

Golding, J. M., Long, D. L., & MacLeod, C. M. (1994). You can't always forget what you want: Directed forgetting of related words. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 493-510. [PDF file, 1157 KB]

Bors, D. A., MacLeod, C. M., & Forrin, B. (1993). Eliminating the IQ-RT correlation by eliminating an experimental confound. Intelligence, 17, 475-500. [PDF file, 1167 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1992). The Stroop task: The "gold standard" of attentional measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 12-14. [PDF file, 321 KB]

Masson, M. E. J., & MacLeod, C. M. (1992). Re-enacting the route to interpretation: Enhanced perceptual identification without prior perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 145-176. [PDF file, 5007 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203. [PDF file, 5614 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1991). John Ridley Stroop: Creator of a landmark cognitive task. Canadian Psychology, 32, 521-524. [PDF file, 1088 KB]

Besner, D., Smith, M. C., & MacLeod, C. M. (1990). Visual word recognition: A dissociation of lexical and semantic processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 862-869. [PDF file, 1205 KB]

1980-1989

Smith, M. C., MacLeod, C. M., Bain, J. D., & Hoppe, R. (1989). Lexical decision as an indirect test of memory: Repetition priming and list-wide priming as a function of type of encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 1109-1118. [PDF file, 1134 KB]

Bassili, J. N., Smith, M. C., & MacLeod, C. M. (1989). Auditory and visual word-stem completion: Separating data-driven and conceptually driven processes. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41A, 439-453. [PDF file, 886 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1989). Word context during initial exposure influences degree of priming in word fragment completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 398-406. [PDF file, 1102 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1989). Directed forgetting affects both direct and indirect tests of memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 13-21. [PDF file, 1011 KB]

Sheehan, P. W., Donovan, P., & MacLeod, C. M. (1988). Strategy manipulation and the Stroop effect in hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 455-460. [PDF file, 550 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1988). Forgotten but not gone: Savings for pictures and words in long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 195-212. [PDF file, 1433 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & Dunbar, K. (1988). Training and Stroop-like interference: Evidence for a continuum of automaticity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 126-135. [PDF file, 935 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., Jackson, R. A., & Palmer, J. (1986). On the relation between field dependence and spatial ability. Intelligence, 10, 141-151. [PDF file, 554 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1986). Cross-modal recognition of pictures and descriptions without test-appropriate encoding. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 24, 21-24. [PDF file, 402 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1985). Learning a list for free recall: Selective reminding versus the standard procedure. Memory & Cognition, 13, 233-240. [PDF file, 835 KB]

Wiseman, S., MacLeod, C. M., & Lootsteen, P. J. (1985). Picture recognition improves with subsequent verbal information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 588-595. [PDF file, 622 KB]

Palmer, J., MacLeod, C. M., Hunt, E., & Davidson, J. E. (1985). Information processing correlates of reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 59-88. [PDF file, 2277 KB]

Dunbar, K., & MacLeod, C. M. (1984). A horse race of a different color: Stroop interference patterns with transformed words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 622-639. [PDF file, 1691 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & Nelson, T. O. (1984). Response latency and response accuracy as measures of memory. Acta Psychologica, 57, 215-235. [PDF file, 1407 KB]

Mathews, N. N., Hunt, E. B., & MacLeod, C. M. (1980). Strategy choice and strategy training in sentence-picture verification. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 531-548. [PDF file, 1455 KB]

Before 1980

MacLeod, C. M. (1979). Individual differences in learning and memory: A unitary information processing approach. Journal of Research in Personality, 13, 530-545. [PDF file, 1145 KB]

Hunt, E. B., & MacLeod, C. M. (1978). The sentence verification paradigm: A case study of two conflicting approaches to individual differences. Intelligence, 2, 129-144. [Reprinted in R. J. Sternberg and D. K. Detterman (Eds.) (1979). Human intelligence. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.] [PDF file, 782 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., Hunt, E. B., & Mathews, N. N. (1978). Individual differences in the verification of sentence-picture relationships. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 493-507. [PDF file, 1097 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., Dekaban, A. S., & Hunt, E. B. (1978). Memory impairment in epileptic patients: Selective effects of phenobarbital concentration. Science, 202, 1102-1105. [PDF file, 893 KB]

Poltrock, S. E., & MacLeod, C. M. (1977). Primacy and recency in the continuous distractor paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 560-571. [PDF file, 1067 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1976). Bilingual episodic memory: Acquisition and forgetting. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 15, 347-364. [PDF file, 1657 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., & Nelson, T. O. (1976). A nonmonotonic lag function for false alarms to associates. American Journal of Psychology, 89, 127-135. [PDF file, 941 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1975). Release from proactive interference: Insufficiency of an attentional account. American Journal of Psychology, 88, 459-465. [PDF file, 606 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (1975). Long-term recognition and recall following directed forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1, 271-279. [PDF file, 798 KB]

Nelson, T. O., & MacLeod, C. M. (1974). Fluctuations in recall across successive test trials. Memory & Cognition, 2, 687-690. [PDF file, 328 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (2008). Implicit memory tests: Techniques for reducing conscious intrusion. In J. Dunlosky & R. A. Bjork (Eds.), Handbook of metamemory and memory (pp. 245-263). New York:  Psychology Press. [PDF file, 1315 KB]

Gorfein, D. S., & MacLeod, C. M. (Eds.) (2007). Inhibition in cognition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

MacLeod, C. M. (2007). The concept of inhibition in cognition. In D. S. Gorfein and C. M. MacLeod (Eds.), Inhibition in cognition (pp. 3-23). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.[PDF file, 1244 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (2007). Cognitive inhibition: Elusive or illusion? In H. L. Roediger, III, Y. Dudai, and S. M. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Science of memory: Concepts (pp. 301-305). New York: Oxford University Press. [PDF file, 213 KB]

Ohta, N., MacLeod, C. M., & Uttl, B. (Eds.) (2005). Dynamic cognitive processes. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.

MacLeod, C. M., Uttl, B., & Ohta, N. (2005). Dynamic cognitive processes in broad perspective. In N. Ohta, C. M. MacLeod, & B. Uttl (Eds.), Dynamic cognitive processes (pp. 1-9). Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. [PDF file, 131 KB]

Sheard, E. D., & MacLeod, C. M. (2005). List method directed forgetting: Return of the selective rehearsal account. In N. Ohta, C. M. MacLeod, & B. Uttl (Eds.), Dynamic cognitive processes (pp. 219-248). Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. [PDF file, 209 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (2005). The Stroop task in cognitive research. In A. Wenzel & D. C. Rubin (Eds.), Cognitive methods and their application to clinical research (pp. 17-40). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. [PDF file, 1392 KB]

MacLeod, C., & MacLeod, C. (2005). The Stroop task: Indirectly measuring concept activation. In A. Wenzel & D. C. Rubin (Eds.), Cognitive methods and their application to clinical research (pp. 13-16). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. [PDF file, 198 KB]

MacLeod, C. M., Dodd, M. D., Sheard, E. D., Wilson, D. E., & Bibi, U. (2003). In opposition to inhibition. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 43 (pp. 163-214). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. [PDF file, 2876 KB]

MacLeod, C. M. (2001). Dividing attention to study the resource demands of memory processes. In M. Naveh-Benjamin, M. Moscovitch, and H. L. Roediger, III (Eds.), Perspectives on human memory and cognitive aging: Essays in honour of Fergus Craik (pp. 226-233). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. [PDF file, 504 KB]

Golding, J. M., & MacLeod, C. M. (Eds.) (1998). Intentional forgetting: Interdisciplinary approaches. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

MacLeod, C. M. (1998). Directed forgetting. In J. M. Golding & C. M. MacLeod (Eds.), Intentional forgetting: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 1-57). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PDF file, 3431 KB]

Masson, M. E. J., & MacLeod, C. M. (1997). Episodic enhancement of processing fluency. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 37 (pp. 155-210). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. [PDF file, 4200 KB]

Bors, D. A., & MacLeod, C. M. (1996). Individual differences in memory. In E. L. Bjork and R. A. Bjork (Eds.), Handbook of perception and cognition, Vol. 10: Memory (pp. 411-441). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. [PDF file, 2332 KB]

Ivy, G. O., MacLeod, C. M., Petit, T. L., & Markus, E. J. (1992). A physiological framework for perceptual and cognitive changes in aging. In F. I. M. Craik and T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 273-314). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Copyright Notice: The downloadable documents listed above are provided as a means to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly work on a noncommercial basis. Copyright and all rights therein are maintained by the authors or by other copyright holders, notwithstanding that they have offered their works here electronically. It is understood that all persons copying this information will adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. These works may not be re-posted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.