A. the impact of overlearning on retention.

B. an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events.

C. an increased neural readiness for impulse transmission.

D. the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it.

E. the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

2. Eighteen-month-old Justin follows his mother around the house, clinging tightly to her when he is frightened. This best illustrates:

A. object permanence.

B. attachment behavior.

C. stranger anxiety.

D. the rooting reflex.

E. habituation.

3. Seeing is to hearing as the ________ lobes are to the _______ lobes.

A. frontal; temporal

B. occipital; parietal

C. frontal; parietal

D. occipital; temporal

4. Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is most likely to lead to:

A. social facilitation.

B. social loafing.

C. deindividuation.

D. the bystander effect.

E. the fundamental attribution error.

5. Ganglion cells converge to form:

A. the optic nerve.

B. bipolar cells.

C. the auditory nerve.

D. the basilar membrane.

E. the olfactory epithelium.

6. After suffering a stroke that damaged his angular gyrus, Mr. Chang is likely to experience the greatest difficulty:

A. recognizing familiar faces.

B. speaking fluently.

C. understanding other people when they speak.

D. reading.

7. The experiment is a research method in which:

A. a random sample of individuals are questioned regarding their opinions and behaviors.

B. an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior.

C. individuals are carefully observed in their natural environment.

D. an individual is studied in great detail.

8. Because Ken is 6' 6" people often mistakenly assume that he must be a member of his college's basketball team. This mistaken judgment best illustrates the impact of:

A. confirmation bias.

B. the representativeness heuristic.

C. the belief perseverance phenomenon.

D. the availability heuristic.

E. framing.

9. Sleep apnea is a disorder involving:

A. the cessation of breathing during sleep.

B. periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.

C. hypnogogic sensations of falling or floating weightlessly.

D. the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing drugs.

10. An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of:

A. social facilitation.

B. the mere exposure effect.

C. groupthink.

D. the bystander effect.

E. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

11. A PET scan records brain activity while a subject, Patty, responds to single nouns. Patty's left frontal lobe was most extensively activated when she:

A. read each noun aloud.

B. wrote each noun.

C. defined each noun.

D. generated a verb for each noun.

E. formed a vivid mental image of each noun.

12. After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she couldn't resist the pressure they exerted on her to snort cocaine. Her experience best illustrates:

A. ingroup bias.

B. the mere exposure effect.

C. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

D. the fundamental attribution error.

E. the bystander effect.

13. The hindsight bias most directly contributes to the perception that:

A. psychological theories are simply reflections of researchers' personal values.

B. psychological experiments are artificial.

C. psychological theories and observations are merely common sense.

D. psychology is potentially dangerous.

14. Panic attacks are most closely associated with ________ disorders.

A. schizophrenia

B. anxiety

C. dissociative

D. mood

E. personality

15. Evidence indicates that REM sleep contributes to:

A. near-death experiences.

B. memory consolidation.

C. night terrors.

D. dissociation.

E. snoring.

16. Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that:

A. there is very little people can do to relieve the distress resulting from traumatic memories.

B. most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded into long-term memory.

C. therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis can easily encourage the construction of false memories.

D. people rarely recall memories of long-forgotten unpleasant events.

17. Lynnae is usually timid and fearful, whereas her sister Eileen is typically relaxed and fearless. The two sisters are most strikingly different in:

A. maturation.

B. temperament.

C. egocentrism.

D. accommodation.

E. assimilation.

18. The most light-sensitive receptor cells are the:

A. ganglion cells.

B. cones.

C. bipolar cells.

D. rods.

19. Serotonin has been found to ________ memory formation, and stress hormones have been found to ________ memory formation.

A. disrupt; facilitate

B. facilitate; disrupt

C. disrupt; disrupt

D. facilitate; facilitate

20. Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?

A. attribution theory

B. social exchange theory

C. cognitive dissonance theory

D. the two-factor theory of emotion

21. After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, alcoholics may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.

A. biological predispositions

B. the overjustification effect

C. negative reinforcement

D. cognitive processes

E. spontaneous recovery

22. The most exciting feature of artificial neural networks is their capacity to mimic the human ability to:

A. learn from experience.

B. make rule-based decisions.

C. retrieve information from memory.

D. use algorithms to solve problems.

23. Research on left-handedness indicates that:

A. twice as many women as men are left-handed.

B. left-handers typically have a smaller corpus callosum than right-handers.

C. left-handers are less likely to process speech in their left hemisphere than right-handers.

D. left-handers generally demonstrate less mathematical competence than right-handers.

24. Those who are eager to use hypnosis in order to facilitate eyewitness recollections of the details of a crime should first be warned of the dangers of:

A. the self-reference effect.

B. proactive interference.

C. the misinformation effect.

D. state-dependent memory.

E. the spacing effect.

25. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was:

A. the taste of food.

B. salivation to the taste of food.

C. the sound of a tone.

D. salivation to the sound of a tone.

26. Which perspective is most directly concerned with understanding the relative impact of heredity and experience on personality development?

A. cognitive

B. behavioral

C. psychoanalytic

D. neuroscience

E. behavior genetics

27. Mr. Brown has gathered evidence showing that the weight of grade school students correlates positively with reading skill. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that body weight enhances reading ability, Mr. Brown should first be reminded that:

A. events often seem more probable in hindsight.

B. random sequences of events often don't look random.

C. sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.

D. correlation does not prove causation.

E. the tendency to seek confirming information promotes illusory correlations.

28. A scatterplot graphically depicts the:

A. standard deviation of a distribution of scores.

B. arithmetic average of a distribution of scores.

C. degree of relationship between two variables.

D. total population from which samples may be drawn.

29. Students who receive unusually low scores on their first psychology test can reasonably anticipate ________ scores on their second psychology test.

A. even lower

B. equally low

C. somewhat higher

D. very high

30. By studying brain sections at autopsy, Dr. Margaret Bauman and her colleagues discovered that autism is related to structural abnormalities in:

A. frontal association areas.

B. limbic and cerebellar circuits.

C. the visual and auditory cortex.

D. the angular gyrus and Wernicke's area.

31. Telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition are different forms of:

A. parapsychology.

B. psychokinesis.

C. extrasensory perception.

D. the Ponzo illusion.

E. the phi phenomenon.

32. The discovery that 5-month-old infants stare longer at numerically impossible outcomes suggests that Piaget:

A. underestimated the importance of imprinting on infant attachment.

B. overestimated the impact of culture on infant intelligence.

C. underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants.

D. overestimated the continuity of cognitive development.

33. The suggestion that language determines the way we think is known as the ________ hypothesis.

A. language acquisition

B. social-cognitive

C. belief perseverance

D. linguistic relativity

E. telegraphic speech

34. Questions about the extent to which secure attachments are influenced by infant temperament or by responsive parenting are most directly relevant to the issue of:

A. continuity or stages.

B. stability or change.

C. nature or nurture.

D. rationality or irrationality.

E. assimilation or accommodation.

35. Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use in order to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention?

A. recall

B. recognition

C. relearning

D. reconstruction

36. Repeatedly checking to see if your stove is turned off is to ________ as repeatedly thinking you might kill your own children is to ________.

A. depression; mania

B. compulsion; obsession

C. hallucination; delusion

D. amnesia; fugue

37. Drugs that are effective in the treatment of schizophrenia seem to reduce the activity of the neurotransmitter:

A. dopamine.

B. serotonin.

C. norepinephrine.

D. GABA.

E. ACh.

38. Repression involves a failure in:

A. encoding.

B. storage.

C. retrieval.

D. all the above.

39. In Milgram's first study of obedience, most "teachers" who were ordered to shock a "learner":

A. refused to deliver even slight levels of shock.

B. initially complied but refused to deliver more than slight levels of shock.

C. complied until ordered to deliver intense levels of shock.

D. complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock.

40. "Gradually developing" is to "suddenly developing" as ________ schizophrenia is to ________ schizophrenia.

A. chronic; acute

B. reactive; process

C. process; chronic

D. acute; reactive

41. Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?

A. B. F. Skinner

B. Konrad Lorenz

C. Jean Piaget

D. Sigmund Freud

E. Erik Erikson

42. Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of:

A. priming.

B. chunking.

C. source amnesia.

D. automatic processing.

E. the spacing effect.

43. Because Andrew was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Andrew's behavior change best illustrates the value of:

A. negative reinforcement.

B. classical conditioning.

C. secondary conditioning.

D. operant conditioning.

E. observational learning.

44. Research indicates that most abusive parents were:

A. raised in a permissive and overindulgent environment.

B. themselves battered or neglected as children.

C. kept socially isolated as children and prevented from interacting with their peers.

D. raised by their grandparents who provided inadequate role models.

45. An action potential refers to a:

A. neural impulse.

B. synaptic gap.

C. neurotransmitter.

D. reflex.

46. Which of the following provides the clearest indication of a drug addiction?

A. physical dependence

B. hallucinations

C. narcolepsy

D. daydreaming

E. REM rebound

47. The high notes on a piano always produce ________ sound waves than the low notes.

A. higher-amplitude

B. lower-amplitude

C. higher-frequency

D. lower-frequency

48. Ali has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether or not the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of:

A. naturalistic observation.

B. random sampling.

C. the double-blind procedure.

D. replication.

E. the false consensus effect.

49. The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ________ and liking.

A. similarity

B. physical arousal

C. physical attractiveness

D. self-disclosure

E. proximity

50. Which of the following techniques would be the most effective way of investigating the relationship between the political preferences and the economic status of North Americans?

A. the survey

B. naturalistic observation

C. experimentation

D. the case study

51. Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are:

A. forgotten again as soon as the person awakens from the hypnotic state.

B. accurate recollections of information previously learned.

C. wholly products of the imagination.

D. often a combination of fact and fiction.

52. A trainer wants to train a parrot to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the parrot to learn this trick quickly and also to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ________ reinforcement.

A. positive; negative

B. negative; positive

C. continuous; partial

D. partial; continuous

E. primary; secondary

53. After she suffered a stroke, Mrs. Josephson had so much difficulty speaking that she had to communicate by writing. This suggests that her cortex was damaged in:

A. the occipital lobe.

B. Broca's area.

C. the angular gyrus.

D. Wernicke's area.

54. When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common:

A. prototype.

B. phenotype.

C. morpheme.

D. algorithm.

E. phoneme.

55. A 6-month-old is exposed to two vowel sounds: "ah" and "e." This research shows that the infant does not confuse a change in ________ with a change in vowel sound.

A. consonant sound

B. language

C. facial expression

D. human voice

56. Feli has been asleep for 3 hours. As he continues to sleep, we can expect that ________ sleep will diminish and that ________ sleep will increase in duration.

A. Stage 4; REM

B. Stage 3; Stage 4

C. Stage 4; Stage 3

D. REM; Stage 3

57. When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, she had a flat tire on a busy freeway and an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates:

A. the fundamental attribution error.

B. the mere exposure effect.

C. group polarization.

D. the bystander effect.

E. social loafing.

58. The dependent variable in an experiment is the factor:

A. that is directly manipulated by the investigator.

B. whose effect is being studied.

C. that may be influenced by the experimental treatment.

D. that causes the behavior being studied.

59. Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for:

A. cognitive dissonance theory.

B. the just-world phenomenon.

C. the scapegoat theory.

D. social exchange theory.

E. attribution theory.

60. The hallucinations experienced by those who suffer from schizophrenia are most likely to involve ________ things that are not there.

A. seeing

B. feeling

C. hearing

D. tasting

E. smelling

61. A shrinkage of cerebral tissue is most likely to be associated with:

A. dissociative disorders.

B. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

C. post-traumatic stress disorder.

D. dysthymic disorder.

E. schizophrenia.

62. Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?

A. relative size

B. retinal disparity

C. relative motion

D. linear perspective

63. Roger thinks 75-watt light bulbs give more light than 60-watt bulbs. His wife thinks both are equally bright. Roger apparently has a ________ threshold than his wife.

A. higher difference

B. lower absolute

C. lower difference

D. higher absolute

64. Conformity and compliance studies have suggested that social influences are:

A. less powerful than personality traits in shaping behavior.

B. powerful in shaping behavior, except when they conflict with people's moral standards.

C. powerful enough to lead ordinary people to conform to falsehoods and act cruelly.

D. powerful in shaping judgments only when people are unsure about the correct course of action.

65. If one identical twin is diagnosed as having schizophrenia, the probability that the other twin will at some point be similarly diagnosed is approximately ________ percent.

A. 10

B. 25

C. 50

D. 75

E. 90

66. Mania is most likely to be characterized by:

A. suicidal thoughts.

B. a persistent, irrational fear of people.

C. a preoccupation with offensive and unwanted thoughts.

D. excessive and rapid talking.

E. delusions of persecution.

67. After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing:

A. Stage 4 sleep.

B. sleep apnea.

C. narcolepsy.

D. night terror.

E. REM sleep.

68. Depression is associated with ________ norepinephrine levels and ________ serotonin levels.

A. high; low

B. low; high

C. high; high

D. low; low

69. The study of inner thoughts and feelings is to the study of observable behavior as ________ is to ________.

A. Aristotle; Plato

B. Wundt; Watson

C. Watson; Freud

D. Freud; Wundt

70. The DSM-IV would be most useful for deciding whether:

A. Paula is chronically unfriendly.

B. Robert is excessively introverted.

C. Christie is insane.

D. Ronald is obsessive-compulsive.

E. Stacey is overly altruistic.

71. Helmer has become increasingly involved in violent fights at school because this gains him the attention and respect of many of his classmates. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n):

A. learned response.

B. instinctive behavior.

C. reaction to frustration.

D. product of deindividuation.

E. result of group polarization.

72. A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

A. iconic

B. implicit

C. short-term

D. state-dependent

E. long-term

73. Severely depressed individuals are especially likely to show reduced brain activity in the:

A. right frontal lobe.

B. left frontal lobe.

C. right occipital lobe.

D. left occipital lobe.

74. Because she experienced her father as abusive, Edith has trouble perceiving that other men can be compassionate and nurturant. Piaget would have suggested that Edith is limited by:

A. stranger anxiety.

B. an inadequate schema.

C. egocentrism.

D. object permanence.

75. After a sky-diving accident, Laurie was unable to make sense of other people's speech. It is likely that her cortex was damaged in:

A. the sensory area.

B. Broca's area.

C. the angular gyrus.

D. Wernicke's area.

76. Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn:

A. to ride a bike.

B. the names of the fifty United States.

C. the procedures for solving a jigsaw puzzle.

D. to read mirror-image writing.

77. The process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called:

A. sensory adaptation.

B. parallel processing.

C. sensation.

D. perception.

E. accommodation.

78. Which group of psychologists focused on principles of perceptual organization?

A. structuralists

B. psychoanalysts

C. Gestalt psychologists

D. parapsychologists

79. After several weeks of feeling very apathetic and dissatisfied with his life, Mark has suddenly become extremely cheerful and so talkative he can't be interrupted. He seems to need less sleep and becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down. Mark's behavior suggests:

A. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

B. schizophrenia.

C. dissociative disorder.

D. bipolar disorder.

E. dysthymic disorder.

80. Behaviorism encouraged psychologists to ignore the study of:

A. dreams.

B. fantasies.

C. hypnotic states.

D. drug-induced hallucinations.

E. all the above.

81. Government officials who emphasize that African Americans are personally responsible for the economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group are most likely to promote:

A. deindividuation.

B. social loafing.

C. the social responsibility norm.

D. prejudice.

E. conciliation.

82. A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________.

A. normative influence; informational influence

B. personality traits; social roles

C. high ability; low motivation

D. politically liberal; politically conservative

E. introversion; extraversion

83. The visually perceived distance between ourselves and an object provides an important cue for our perception of the object's:

A. brightness.

B. shape.

C. colour.

D. motion.

E. size.

84. Reinforcement is to operant conditioning as ________ is to observational learning.

A. prosocial behavior

B. punishment

C. respondent behavior

D. modeling

85. In describing the organic nature of schizophrenia, Dr. Arnold Scheibel identifies and diagrams the abnormal orientation and organization of nerve cells located within the:

A. cerebellum.

B. brainstem.

C. hippocampus.

D. thalamus.

E. amygdala.

86. In order for you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.

A. interneurons

B. the cerebellum

C. motor neurons

D. the reticular formation

E. the autonomic nervous system

87. Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study:

A. the mere exposure effect.

B. the fundamental attribution error.

C. social facilitation.

D. deindividuation.

E. conformity.

88. Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies on television. This is most likely to lead her to:

A. underestimate the actual frequency of violent crimes in the real world.

B. experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground.

C. become more hesitant about personally starting a fight with another child.

D. become less fearful about being criminally assaulted.

89. Cheryl, a young married woman, has wandered from her home to a distant city where she has completely forgotten her family and her identity. Cheryl's behavior is most characteristic of:

A. bipolar disorder.

B. histrionic personality disorder.

C. agoraphobia.

D. dissociative fugue

E. schizophrenia.

90. Because it is so pervasive, ________ is often considered "the common cold" of psychological disorders.

A. depression

B. schizophrenia

C. agoraphobia

D. dissociation

E. low self-esteem

91. ("The Mind" video-Human Language: Signed and Spoken) This module indicates that spoken language is generally processed by the ________ cerebral hemisphere and that the hearing impaired generally process sign language in the ________ hemisphere.

A. left; right

B. right; left

C. left; left

D. right; right

92. Temporal lobe is to ________ as frontal lobe is to ________.

A. sensory cortex; motor cortex

B. motor cortex; sensory cortex

C. Broca's area; Wernicke's area

D. Wernicke's area; Broca's area

93. In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores?

A. median

B. range

C. mode

D. standard deviation

E. mean

94. The presence of observers improves a person's performance on ________ tasks and hinders a person's performance on ________ tasks.

A. unenjoyable; enjoyable

B. poorly learned; well-learned

C. physical; mental

D. verbal; mathematical

E. easy; difficult

95. The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of:

A. imagery.

B. chunking.

C. rehearsal.

D. the serial position effect.

E. the method of loci.

96. By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

A. echoic

B. iconic

C. state-dependent

D. flashbulb

E. implicit

97. The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by:

98. Hasher and Zacks observed that people recall the frequency of specific words in a list just as accurately whether or not they are forewarned of the recall task prior to seeing the list. This finding provides evidence for:

C. the spacing effect.

D. state-dependent memory.

E. automatic processing.

99. What will most likely happen as a neurosurgeon sedates the entire right cerebral hemisphere of a patient who is asked to count aloud with both arms extended upward?

A. the patient's left arm will fall limp and he will become speechless.

B. the patient's right arm will fall limp and he will become speechless.

C. the patient's left arm will fall limp but he will continue counting aloud.

D. the patient's right arm will fall limp but he will continue counting aloud.

100. Compared to identical twins, fraternal twins are ________ likely to be the same sex and ________ likely to be similar in intelligence.

A. less; more

B. more; less

C. more; more

D. less; less

E. less; equally

101. The thalamus serves as a:

A. memory bank.

B. pleasure center.

C. master gland.

D. sensory switchboard.

102. One can most accurately estimate a population mean if a sample is ________ in size and ________ in variability.

A. large; low

B. small; high

C. large; high

D. small; low

103. Sea lions in an aquarium will repeat behaviors such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates:

A. respondent behavior.

B. spontaneous recovery.

C. observational learning.

D. latent learning.

E. operant conditioning.

104. Although several students in the classroom are talking loudly, Jim's attention is focused only on what his girlfriend is saying. In this instance, the girlfriend's voice is a:

A. figure.

B. gestalt.

C. perceptual set.

D. perceptual adaptation.

105. The impact of experience on perception is most clearly illustrated by:

A. visual capture.

B. retinal disparity.

C. the phi phenomenon.

D. perceptual adaptation.

E. extrasensory perception.

106. Research has indicated that hypnosis:

A. enables some people to undergo surgery without anesthesia.

B. can block sensory input.

C. is helpful in overcoming nail biting but not smoking.

D. can force people to act against their will.

107. An all-or-none response pattern is characteristic of the:

A. activation of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system.

B. release of endorphins into the central nervous system.

C. release of hormones into the bloodstream.

D. initiation of neural impulses.

E. inheritance of behavioral predispositions.

108. Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer.

A. positive

B. secondary

C. negative

D. partial

E. delayed

109. When we use the term Hispanic to refer to a category of people, we are using this word as a(n):

A. prototype.

B. heuristic.

C. algorithm.

D. concept.

E. stereotype.

110. Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called:

A. heuristics.

B. algorithms.

C. prototypes.

D. semantics.

E. fixations.

111. Priming is to retrieval as ________ is to encoding.

A. repression

B. amnesia

C. rehearsal

D. recall

112. In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on:

A. prototypes.

B. heuristics.

C. phonemes.

D. algorithms.

E. fixations.

113. On the telephone Melvin rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Pilar to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Pilar attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items:

A. at the beginning of the list.

B. at the end of the list.

C. in the middle of the list.

D. at the beginning and in the middle of the list.

114. According to Chomsky, the fact that young children overgeneralize certain rules of grammatical structure suggests that:

A. parents overemphasize correct grammatical usage.

B. language acquisition does not proceed in an orderly sequence.

C. language acquisition develops normally even in the absence of social interaction.

115. After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

A. generalization

B. negative reinforcement

C. latent learning

D. extinction

E. discrimination

116. This module highlights the tragic experience of a renowned musician, Clive Wearing. The destruction of Clive's ________ is primarily responsible for his severe memory impairment.

A. occipital lobe

B. hypothalamus

C. brainstem

D. hippocampus

E. thalamus

117. People tend to ________ the extent to which professional basketball players' successful shots are made in succession.

A. radically underestimate

B. slightly underestimate

C. accurately estimate

D. overestimate

118. After reading her horoscope in the morning newspaper, Nancy readily interpreted numerous experiences of that day as clear verifications of its accuracy. This best illustrates the dangers of:

A. visual capture.

B. perceptual set.

C. the cocktail party effect.

D. bottom-up processing.

E. relative clarity.

119. An infant indicates its ability to discriminate between subtle sound differences by:

A. babbling.

B. sucking.

C. smiling.

D. crying.

E. head turning.

120. Five-year-old Tammy mistakenly believes that her short, wide glass contains less soda than her brother's tall, narrow glass. Actually, both glasses contain the same amount of soda. This illustrates that Tammy lacks the concept of:

A. object permanence.

B. egocentrism.

C. assimilation.

D. conservation.

E. accommodation.

121. If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are:

A. causally related.

B. positively correlated.

C. independent variables.

D. dependent variables.

E. negatively correlated.

122. Nerve deafness is caused by damage to the:

A. eardrum.

B. cochlea.

C. hammer, anvil, and stirrup.

D. auditory canal.

123. Jerry, a schizophrenia patient, is described as having a(n) ________ disorder rather than a(n) ________ disorder.

A. acute; chronic

B. cognitive; emotional

C. sensory; motor

D. cognitive; behavioral

E. global; specific

124. The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions upon another's behavior is called:

A. the bystander effect.

B. the fundamental attribution error.

C. deindividuation.

D. ingroup bias.

E. the mere exposure effect.

125. Wei Dong was asked to memorize a long list of words that included "ship, effort, professor, and inquire." He later recalled these words as "boat, work, teacher, and question." This suggests that the four original words had been encoded:

A. semantically.

B. visually.

C. acoustically.

D. automatically.

126. Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________.

A. category; prototype

B. availability heuristic; representativeness heuristic

C. prototype; category

D. algorithm; heuristic

127. After Jackie was presented with the letters "g, c, k, p, and d," she recalled them as "g, c, j, t, and d." Her recall errors best illustrate the importance of:

A. automatic processing.

B. implicit memory.

C. acoustic encoding.

D. iconic memory.

128. Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of:

A. learning.

B. perception.

C. personality.

D. mental illness.

129. In investigating the impact of physical arousal on passionate love, Dutton and Aron arranged for an attractive woman to briefly interact with men who had recently:

A. consumed an alcoholic beverage.

B. crossed a swaying footbridge.

C. listened to romantic music.

D. intervened in an emergency.

E. failed a midterm test.

130. Kittens raised in a visual environment consisting solely of vertical stripes subsequently had difficulty:

A. seeing vertically oriented objects.

B. seeing horizontally oriented objects.

C. perceiving any figure-ground relationships.

D. doing all the above.

131. Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is ________.

A. sad; happy

B. drunk; sober

C. angry; calm

D. fearful; happy

E. drunk; drunk

132. Ojinska sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates:

A. the representativeness heuristic.

B. the belief perseverance phenomenon.

C. confirmation bias.

D. the framing effect.

E. the availability heuristic.

133. A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective.

A. evolutionary

B. psychoanalytic

C. behavioral

D. social-cultural

134. When spoken language is processed in the brain, sound first travels as nerve impulses to:

A. Wernicke's area.

B. the angular gyrus.

C. Broca's area.

D. the cerebellum.

135. According to the Young-Helmholtz theory:

A. the retina contains three kinds of colour receptors.

B. colour vision depends on pairs of opposing retinal processes.

C. the size of the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.

D. certain nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of a stimulus.

136. Which theory assumes that we adopt certain attitudes in order to justify our past actions?

A. social exchange theory

B. cognitive dissonance theory

C. scapegoat theory

D. attribution theory

E. equity theory

137. What is the name of the phenomenon whereby there is a unifying of the senses (e.g., one senses numbers in a particular colour)?

A. agnosia

B. prosopagnosia

C. amnesia

D. synaesthesia

E. agoraphobia

138. Korsakoff's syndrome is caused by:

A. exposure to environmental carcinogens

B. an abnormality on chromosome 21

C. an hereditary abnormality that leads to insufficient insulin production.

D. chronic thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency

139. Patient H.M. is able to perform all of the following tasks quite well EXCEPT:

A. mirror drawing

B. making a classically conditioned eyeblink response

C. recognizing broken drawings

D. consolidating information from short-term memory to long-term memory using rehearsal

140. In the video featuring Alan Alda trying to remember what had happened at the picnic scene and what hadn't happened, which memory principle or characteristic was illustrated?

A. state-dependent memory

B. memory construction

C. the "I knew it all along" phenomenon

D. flashbulb memory

E. the false-consensus effect